Map of Earth
From the molten iron core out to the edge of the atmosphere — seismics, tectonics, volcanoes, oceans, weather and the magnetosphere shielding life.
≈ 10⁷ m · core → atmosphereInterior & Seismic Cấu tạo & Địa chấn
Spherical cross-section core→mantle→crust; trigger an earthquake, P/S waves sweep through the globe and the seismogram reveals the layers.
Plate Tectonics Kiến tạo mảng
Plates creep a few cm/year, building stick-slip stress that snaps into quakes; rifting, subduction and collision raise mountains.
Volcano Núi lửa & Magma
A magma chamber rises, gas pressure builds to a threshold then erupts — gentle lava or explosive Plinian ash depending on viscosity.
Ocean & Tides Hải lưu & Thủy triều
Currents swirl with wind and Coriolis, tides rise and fall with the Moon, the thermohaline conveyor sinks and upwells.
Atmosphere Khí quyển & Thời tiết
Atmospheric layers, convection building clouds and rain, moving fronts and cyclones spinning as pressure plunges.
Water & Carbon Tuần hoàn Nước & Carbon
Water and carbon run closed loops through ocean, clouds, plants and rock; the sawtooth Keeling CO₂ curve cycles with the seasons.
Magnetosphere Từ quyển & Cực quang
The magnetic field deflects the solar wind; particles leaking through the poles excite air into shimmering auroras, magnetic storms disrupt power grids.
Rock Cycle Chu trình đá
Magma cools to igneous rock → weathers to sediment → buried into metamorphic → melts again; matter flows endlessly around the loop.
Rivers Sông & Xói mòn
Rivers run mountain to sea: carving deep upstream, meanders eroding the outer bank and building the inner, dumping silt into deltas.
Glaciers Băng hà
Glaciers flow plastically, carving U-shaped valleys and leaving moraines; advancing and retreating with temperature & Milankovitch cycles.
Climate Change Biến đổi khí hậu
Rising CO₂ → traps more heat → temperatures & sea levels rise, ice melts; test emission scenarios, net-zero, reforestation.
Aurora Bắc cực quang
The solar wind follows field lines to the poles, exciting oxygen (green) & nitrogen (purple) → glowing curtains rippling across the night sky.
Seasons Vì sao có mùa
Earth’s 23.5° axial tilt (not distance) makes the seasons: sun angle & day length change, the two hemispheres opposite.
Earthquake Động đất & Sóng địa chấn
A fault releases energy → P/S/surface waves spread; the P–S gap locates the epicenter, magnitude Mw on a log scale.
Atmosphere Layers Các tầng khí quyển
Troposphere → stratosphere (ozone) → mesosphere (meteors) → thermosphere (ISS, auroras): temperature & pressure with altitude.
Tsunami Sóng thần
The seabed lifts → long-wavelength waves race across the ocean ~800 km/h, slowing and piling up at the shore; the sea draws back before it strikes.
Biomes Đới khí hậu & Quần xã
Rainforest, desert, tundra or taiga? The temperature × rainfall (Whittaker) plot decides — elevation zones echo latitude zones.
Caves & Karst Hang động & Karst
Acidic rainwater dissolves limestone into caves; dripping minerals precipitate into stalactites (ceiling) & stalagmites (floor), growing over millennia.
Groundwater & Geyser Nước ngầm & Mạch phun
Aquifers, the water table rising and falling with rain & pumping; artesian wells gush on their own, geysers burst on a cycle when water meets magma.
Coasts & Dunes Bờ biển & Cồn cát
Oblique waves drive sand along the shore (longshore drift) — eroding here, building spits there; wind creeps dunes steadily inland.