Map of Particle & Quantum
Deeper than the atom — nuclei & quarks, radioactivity & fission–fusion, and the strange quantum world: orbitals, wave–particle, tunneling, entanglement.
≈ 10⁻¹⁵ m · nucleus → elementary particleNucleus Hạt nhân & Quark
Protons/neutrons made of quarks (the strong force), the Standard Model of elementary particles and nature’s 4 fundamental forces.
Radioactivity Phóng xạ & Hạt nhân
α/β/γ decay, half-life, and nuclear energy: fission ↔ fusion.
Quantum Thế giới Lượng tử
Electron orbitals, wave–particle duality, tunneling and quantum entanglement.
Antimatter Phản vật chất
The positron, annihilation → gamma photons, pair production (E=mc²), PET applications, and the mystery of why the universe is all matter.
Particle Accelerator Máy gia tốc hạt
The LHC ring smashing particles near light speed → particle showers, detectors, hunting new particles like the Higgs (energy → mass).
Entanglement Rối lượng tử
Two entangled particles: measure one and the other instantly correlates — violating Bell’s inequality WITHOUT sending information faster than light.
Tunneling Hiệu ứng đường hầm
A wave packet ‘tunnels through’ an energy barrier even without enough energy — the basis of alpha decay, the STM and reactions inside stars.
Spin Spin & Stern–Gerlach
A beam of atoms through a non-uniform magnetic field splits into exactly 2 lines — evidence of quantized spin (½), not a continuous band.
Standard Model Mô hình Chuẩn
17 elementary particles: 6 quarks, 6 leptons, force bosons & the Higgs — the periodic table of matter. Click a particle for details.
Wavefunction Hàm sóng & Hộp thế
A particle in a potential well: discrete energy levels, the wavefunction ψ with nodes and |ψ|² = where the particle is likely found.
Black-body Radiation Bức xạ vật đen & Planck
A hot body emits a spectrum that shifts toward blue as it gets hotter. The ‘ultraviolet catastrophe’ forced Planck to quantize energy — the birth of quantum physics.
Photoelectric Effect Photon & Quang điện
Light ejects electrons only when the frequency is high enough, no matter how bright — evidence that light is photons E=hf (Einstein, Nobel Prize).
Uncertainty Principle Nguyên lý bất định
The more precisely you pin position, the blurrier momentum (Δx·Δp ≥ ħ/2) — not clumsy measurement but the wave nature of everything.
Superposition Chồng chập & Mèo Schrödinger
A particle can be in many possibilities at once until, measured, it ‘collapses’ to one result. Schrödinger’s cat is the famous metaphor for that paradox.
Matter Waves Sóng vật chất de Broglie
Everything in motion has a wavelength λ=h/p — an electron’s is large enough to diffract like a wave, while a human’s is far too small to see.
Four Fundamental Forces Bốn lực cơ bản
Strong, electromagnetic, weak & gravity — the four forces that build the universe: compare strengths differing by trillions, range & force carriers, the dream of unification.
Neutrinos Neutrino & Dao động vị
A ‘ghost’ particle passing straight through Earth and our bodies; in flight it changes flavor (νe↔νμ↔ντ) — evidence neutrinos have mass (Nobel 2015).
Feynman Diagrams Giản đồ Feynman
Particle physics’ pictorial language: lines & vertices show electrons exchanging photons, annihilation, β decay… A tool for computing probabilities, not real trajectories.
BEC Ngưng tụ Bose–Einstein
Cooled to nano-Kelvin, bosons pile into one quantum state becoming a ‘super-atom’ — the 5th state of matter. Compare Boson vs Fermion.
Atomic Orbitals Số lượng tử & Orbital
A rotatable 3D electron probability cloud: s (sphere), p (dumbbell), d (cloverleaf). The four quantum numbers & the Aufbau filling order build the whole periodic table.