Map of Matter & Atom
The innermost rung — atoms & orbitals, the periodic table, bonds & reactions, states of matter, electricity and waves.
≈ 10⁻¹⁰ m · atom → moleculeAtomic Structure Cấu tạo nguyên tử
A proton-neutron nucleus + electrons in shells; pump energy so an electron jumps a level and emits a photon, change Z to change the element.
Periodic Table Bảng tuần hoàn
118 elements colored by group; a radius/electronegativity heatmap and the sawtooth periodic trend lines.
States of Matter 3 Trạng thái & Chuyển pha
A box of molecules: raise the heat and the solid lattice melts to liquid then gas before your eyes; phase diagram and latent heat.
Bonding Liên kết & Phân tử
Atoms give-take or share electrons to form ionic/covalent bonds; the potential well and molecular geometry.
Reaction Phản ứng & Cân bằng
Molecules colliding hard enough react, changing color/fizzing/releasing heat; reversible reactions approach dynamic equilibrium.
Circuits Điện & Mạch điện
Electrons flow as current, the bulb shines P=VI; a short circuit spikes the current and the fuse blows.
Waves Sóng: âm & ánh sáng
Waves spreading, two sources making interference fringes, the Doppler shift and refraction bending a ray through a medium.
Force & Motion Lực & Chuyển động
Newton’s three laws come alive: push an object F=ma, parabolic projectiles, friction bringing it to rest, collisions conserving momentum.
Thermodynamics Nhiệt động học
Conduction along a metal bar, convection in a pot of water, radiation, heat engines; heat flows hot→cold, entropy always rises.
Electromagnetism Từ & Điện từ
Magnetic field lines, current making a magnetic field, Faraday induction (a magnet through a coil → the bulb lights), motors & generators.
Energy Năng lượng & Chuyển hóa
A pendulum swapping potential↔kinetic energy, roller coasters, hydropower, solar cells, thermoelectrics; energy is conserved, with some always lost as heat.
Fluids Chất lưu & Áp suất
Why planes fly and ships float: Bernoulli, lift, Archimedes, pressure with depth, laminar–turbulent flow.
Optics Quang học & Thấu kính
Rainbows, lenses/cameras/telescopes: refraction, focal length, dispersion, total internal reflection, the eye’s refractive errors.
Crystal Growth Tinh thể lớn lên
From a single seed, atoms self-assemble into a symmetric lattice: 6-armed snowflakes, cubic salt, hexagonal quartz.
Acid–Base & pH Axit–Bazơ & pH
The pH 0–14 scale: add acid/base → colors & ions change, neutralization, indicators; the pH of everyday things around us.
Semiconductors Bán dẫn & Transistor
Dope silicon into n/p types, join them into a diode that passes current one way, a glowing LED & the transistor — the ‘electric valve’ behind every chip.
Electrochemistry Điện hóa & Pin
Two different metals in solution generate current on their own (a battery), or apply power to force the reverse (plating, water splitting) — electrons run the wire, ions swim in solution.
Superconductivity Siêu dẫn & Meissner
Cool it enough and resistance drops to 0 (Cooper-paired electrons glide freely) and the magnetic field is expelled — a magnet floats. The basis of MRI & maglev trains.
Lasers Laser & Phát xạ kích thích
One photon stimulates an atom to release an identical photon; two mirrors bouncing it back amplify it into a beam that is monochromatic, straight & in phase.
Polymers Polyme & Nhựa
Thousands of monomer links joining into long chains; linear, branched or cross-linked decides whether the plastic is soft & flexible, hard & brittle, or elastic rubber.